Suchergebnisse

Gli autori sono particolarmente delusi dall'uso del termine "autoritario" come recentemente indicato per la nuova politica di vaccinazione obbligatoria in Francia, e anche dal concetto di soppressione della libertà personale che è stato associato a tale vaccinazione obbligatoria. essere completamente liberi quando sono pienamente consapevoli delle conseguenze delle loro scelte. Inoltre, in una comunità, il concetto di libertà individuale non può essere considerato separatamente dal rispetto dei diritti degli altri membri della comunità. Ad esempio, in Italia, dove la nuova legislazione sulla vaccinazione obbligatoria è servita da esempio per la legislazione francese che ha preceduto di alcuni mesi ci sono stati dibattiti intensi e ulteriori modifiche legislative. Gli autori sono consapevoli del fatto che mezzi alternativi alla legislazione possono aiutare ad aumentare la copertura vaccinale, ma questi sono spesso fortemente influenzati dai media e da altre fonti di informazione non supportate scientificamente, come in particolare in Italia. Prima dell'introduzione di quella che è conosciuta come la legge di Lorenzin (dal Ministro della Salute italiano, Beatrice Lorenzin), secondo l'autonomia garantita dalla riforma costituzionale, la Regione Veneto ha deciso di sospendere le vaccinazioni precedentemente obbligatorie (cioè l'immunizzazione contro la difterite, la poliomielite, il tetano ed epatite B). Ciò ha comportato una riduzione significativa della copertura vaccinale. Quindi, la reintroduzione e l'espansione di questi obblighi nazionali ha invertito rapidamente questa tendenza al ribasso, come confermato dai dati più recenti (ad es. Crescita del 4,42% per la prima dose di vaccinazione contro il morbillo). Sebbene siamo pienamente d'accordo con l'educazione e l'emancipazione della popolazione come strumenti fondamentali per sostenere la prevenzione primaria, condividiamo le perplessità espresse da altri sul limitato successo di tali strategie. In Francia, il concetto di libertà è espresso nel loro detto "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité", come pietra angolare laica della Repubblica, e similmente in Italia, l'articolo 32 della Costituzione afferma, "La Repubblica protegge la salute come un diritto fondamentale dell'individuo e di importanza per la comunità e garantisce assistenza sanitaria gratuita a chi è nel bisogno. Nessuno può essere costretto a sottoporsi ad alcuno specifico trattamento sanitario, salvo quando previsto dalla Legge. La Legge non può in alcun caso violare i limiti imposti dal rispetto per la persona umana ''. La storia ci insegna che la vaccinazione obbligatoria "accordata dalla legge" in molti paesi (compresa l'Italia) è stata uno degli strumenti più importanti nella protezione della salute pubblica. ; Authors are particularly disappointed by the use of the term "authoritarian'' as indicated recently for the new mandatory vaccination policy in France, and also by the concept of suppression of personal freedom that has been associated with such mandatory vaccination. People can only consider themselves to be fully free when they are fully aware of the consequences of their choices. Furthermore, in a community, the concept of individual freedom cannot be considered separately from respect for the rights of the other members of the community. For example, in Italy, where the new legislation on mandatory vaccination served as an example for the French legislation that it preceded by a few months there have been intense debates and further legislative changes. Authors are aware that alternative means to legislation can help to increase vaccination coverage, but these are often strongly influenced by the media and by other non-scientifically supported information sources, which was particularly the case in Italy. Prior to the introduction of what is known as the Lorenzin Law (by Italian Health Minister, Beatrice Lorenzin), according to the autonomy guaranteed by constitutional reform, the Veneto Region decided to suspend the previously obligatory vaccinations (i.e. immunization against diphtheria, poliomyelitis, tetanus and hepatitis B). This resulted in significant reduction in vaccination coverage. Then, the reintroduction and expansion of these national obligations rapidly reversed this downward trend, as confirmed by the most recent data (e.g., 4.42% growth for the first dose of measles vaccination) [5,6]. Although we are fully in agreement with education and empowerment of the population as fundamental tools to support primary prevention, we share the perplexities expressed by others on the limited success of such strategies. In France, the concept of freedom is expressed in their dictum "Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité'', as a secular cornerstone of the Republic, and similarly in Italy, Article 32 of the Constitution states, "The Republic protects health as a fundamental right of the individual and of importance to the community, and guarantees free healthcare for those in need. No one can be forced to undergo any specific health treatment, except when accorded by Law. The Law cannot under any circumstances violate the limits imposed by respect for the human person''. History teaches us that mandatory vaccination "accorded by law'' in many countries (including Italy) has been one of the most important instruments in the protection of Public Health.

Negli ultimi anni la consapevolezza dei benefici dell'attività fisica per la salute è cresciuta e con essa il numero di persone che la praticano; parallelamente, anche il numero di palestre è sostanzialmente aumentato. A livello nazionale non esistono organiche normative che regolamentino i requisiti igienico-sanitari delle palestre, ma diversi legislatori a livello regionale hanno provveduto a colmare questo vuoto. Nel presente studio gli autori analizzano le normative tecniche del CONI ed i citati provvedimenti regionali, sottolineando le criticità, fra le quali anche la possibile ubicazione delle palestre in locali seminterrati o interrati. Infine concludono sottolineando la necessità di maggiori univocità e chiarezza nella determinazione dei requisiti igienico-sanitari su scala nazionale. ; In recent years, the awareness of the importance of physical activity for human health is growing, as people practicing it; the number of gyms has also substantially increased. Currently, in Italy there is not a consistent regulation regarding hygienic and sanitary requirements of gyms. Several Italian regions issued laws about this topic. The authors analyse the standards required by the Italian Olympic Committee (CONI) and the regional laws, highlighting the numerous issues, among which the possible location of gyms in semi-basements and basements. They eventually call for a national regulation that should clearly transpose the hygienic and sanitary requirements of gyms into a satisfactory rule of law

Introduction. In the European Union three different health systems could be defined according to service delivery, financing, and economic policies: Beveridge, Bismarck and Mixed system. Although health systems are hardly to compare, various organizations are developing methods assessing performance. In the present work we evaluated the performance of the three systems using European Community Health Indicators according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Methods. We conducted our study among the 28 states of the European Union using the following indicators: Standardized death rate for diseases of the circulatory system, standardized death rate for malignant neoplasms, road traffic accidents with injury, life expectancy at birth, incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infant deaths, pure alcohol consumption, infants vaccinated against Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (DTP), public and total expenditure on health over the period 2001-2010. Results. The variation of health indicators shows similar trend of circulatory system diseases and malignant neoplasms death rates, road accidents with injury, infant deaths, life expectancy at birth, public and total health expenditure. Some differences in the trend of HIV incidence, alcohol intake and DTP vaccination rates arise among systems. Grouping countries by health system paradigm and geographical area, resulted in a relevant heterogeneity (I2≥90%, Pvalue<0.0001). No clear superiority of a given health delivery system was found with respect to other paradigms. Conclusion. In accordance with the evidence of our study, we can suppose that best performances are more likely to be linked to country specific economic factors. In conclusion, it was not possible to identify the best health system model

Nowadays, the majority of world population lives in urban areas and this portion is going to increase in the coming decades. The health impact of urban areas is well established and described in scientific literature. Italian health and hygiene legislation dealing with urban health is fragmented and not coordinated with the regulation about environment and city planning. The overlapping of legal competences between different authorities and the conflict of attribution between the Central State and Regional Governments deeply contributed to generate uncertainty. The authors here analyse the Italian regulatory framework and depict its lacks in terms of public health protection.

Oggi la maggior parte della popolazione mondiale vive nelle aree urbane e questa porzione aumenterà nei prossimi decenni. L'impatto sulla salute delle aree urbane è ben definito e descritto nella letteratura scientifica. La legislazione italiana in materia di salute e igiene relativa alla salute urbana è frammentata e non coordinata con la normativa in materia di ambiente e pianificazione urbana. La sovrapposizione di competenze giuridiche tra le diverse autorità e il conflitto di attribuzione tra lo Stato centrale e i governi regionali hanno contribuito notevolmente a generare incertezza. Gli autori qui analizzano il quadro normativo italiano e ne descrivono le carenze in termini di protezione della salute pubblica. ; Nowadays, the majority of world population lives in urban areas and this portion is going to increase in the coming decades. The health impact of urban areas is well established and described in scientific literature. Italian health and hygiene legislation dealing with urban health is fragmented and not coordinated with the regulation about environment and city planning. The overlapping of legal competences between different authorities and the conflict of attribution between the Central State and Regional Governments deeply contributed to generate uncertainty. The authors here analyse the Italian regulatory framework and depict its lacks in terms of public health protection.

Introduction. In the European Union three different health systems could be defined according to service delivery, financing, and economic policies: Beveridge, Bismarck and Mixed system. Although health systems are hardly to compare, various organizations are developing methods assessing performance. In the present work we evaluated the performance of the three systems using European Community Health Indicators according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Methods. We conducted our study among the 28 states of the European Union using the following indicators: Standardized death rate for diseases of the circulatory system, standardized death rate for malignant neoplasms, road traffic accidents with injury, life expectancy at birth, incidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), infant deaths, pure alcohol consumption, infants vaccinated against Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (DTP), public and total expenditure on health over the period 2001-2010.Results. The variation of health indicators shows similar trend of circulatory system diseases and malignant neoplasms death rates, road accidents with injury, infant deaths, life expectancy at birth, public and total health expenditure. Some differences in the trend of HIV incidence, alcohol intake and DTP vaccination rates arise among systems. Grouping countries by health system paradigm and geographical area, resulted in a relevant heterogeneity (I2≥90%, Pvalue<0.0001). No clear superiority of a given health delivery system was found with respect to other paradigms.Conclusion. In accordance with the evidence of our study, we can suppose that best performances are more likely to be linked to country specific economic factors. In conclusion, it was not possible to identify the best health system model.

As part of the strategies to promote health in urban areas, the Italian Society of Hygiene (SItI) has updated its recommendations for "healthy, safe and sustainable housing". They were issued by an ad hoc SitI working group on the basis of the best available evidence retrieved from a review of the scientific and legal literature on the topic and in line with World Health Organisation, European Union, and other international bodies statements. SItI document includes recommendations for environmental comfort, mental and social wellbeing, environmental protection as well as the safety of people who dwell houses. In addition to typical issues (such as relative humidity parameters, ventilation, and safety rules), SItI recommendations address innovative aspects such as building compatibility between different functions, building safety management and green area design. In this context, SItI recommendations emphasise the need of a strengthened interaction between architects and public health experts to ensure the complete wellbeing in houses where people spend more than 50% of their lives.

As part of the strategies to promote health in urban areas, the Italian Society of Hygiene (SItI) has updated its recommendations for healthy, safe and sustainable housing. They were issued by an ad hoc SitI working group on the basis of the best available evidence retrieved from a review of the scientific and legal literature on the topic and in line with World Health Organisation, European Union, and other international bodies statements. SItI document includes recommendations for environmental comfort, mental and social wellbeing, environmental protection as well as the safety of people who dwell houses. In addition to typical issues (such as relative humidity parameters, ventilation, and safety rules), SItI recommendations address innovative aspects such as building compatibility between different functions, building safety management and green area design. In this context, SItI recommendations emphasise the need of a strengthened interaction between architects and public health experts to ensure the complete wellbeing in houses where people spend more than 50% of their lives.

Partendo da una precedente esperienza del gruppo di lavoro "Igiene edilizia e ambientale" della Società Italiana di Igiene e Medicina Preventiva (SItI), l'obiettivo del presente lavoro è definire nuovi obiettivi strategici per il raggiungimento di una "Città sana e salutogenica" ", che sarà utile per i progettisti, i governi locali e gli enti pubblici, i responsabili politici e tutti i professionisti che lavorano presso le agenzie sanitarie locali. Dieci punti chiave sono stati formulati: 1. cambiamenti climatici e gestione degli eventi meteorologici avversi; 2. consumo di terra, espansione urbana e città in calo; 3. urbanismo tattico e resilienza urbana; 4. comfort urbano, sicurezza e percezione della sicurezza; 5. punti di forza e di debolezza delle aree verdi urbane e delle infrastrutture; 6. gestione dei rifiuti solidi urbani; 7. Emergenze abitative in relazione a cambiamenti socio-economici e ambientali; 8. aspetti energetici e pianificazione ambientale su scala urbana; 9. rete socio-assistenziale e assistenziale su scala urbana: importanza di un sistema razionale e diffuso; e 10. nuove forme di vita, consapevole dei modelli di copartecipazione e consapevole della condivisione degli obiettivi di qualità. Strategie, azioni e politiche di progettazione, identificate per migliorare la salute e il benessere della popolazione, sottolineano che la connessione tra caratteristiche morfologiche e funzionali del contesto urbano e della salute pubblica è cruciale per le città contemporanee e le società moderne. ; Starting from a previous experience carried out by the working group "Building and Environmental Hygiene" of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (SItI), the aim of the present work is to define new strategic goals for achieving a "Healthy and Salutogenic City", which will be useful to designers, local governments and public bodies, policy makers, and all professionals working at local health agencies. Ten key points have been formulated: 1. climate change and management of adverse weather events; 2. land consumption, sprawl, and shrinking cities; 3. tactical urbanism and urban resilience; 4. urban comfort, safety, and security perception; 5. strengths and weaknesses of urban green areas and infrastructures; 6. urban solid waste management; 7. housing emergencies in relation to socio-economic and environmental changes; 8. energy aspects and environmental planning at an urban scale; 9. socio-assistance and welfare network at an urban scale: importance of a rational and widespread system; and 10. new forms of living, conscious of coparticipation models and aware of sharing quality objectives. Design strategies, actions, and policies, identified to improve public health and wellbeing, underline that the connection between morphological and functional features of urban context and public health is crucial for contemporary cities and modern societies.

Starting from a previous experience carried out by the working group "Building and Environmental Hygiene" of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (SItI), the aim of the present work is to define new strategic goals for achieving a "Healthy and Salutogenic City", which will be useful to designers, local governments and public bodies, policy makers, and all professionals working at local health agencies. Ten key points have been formulated: 1. climate change and management of adverse weather events; 2. land consumption, sprawl, and shrinking cities; 3. tactical urbanism and urban resilience; 4. urban comfort, safety, and security perception; 5. strengths and weaknesses of urban green areas and infrastructures; 6. urban solid waste management; 7. housing emergencies in relation to socio-economic and environmental changes; 8. energy aspects and environmental planning at an urban scale; 9. socio-assistance and welfare network at an urban scale: importance of a rational and widespread system; and 10. new forms of living, conscious of coparticipation models and aware of sharing quality objectives. Design strategies, actions, and policies, identified to improve public health and wellbeing, underline that the connection between morphological and functional features of urban context and public health is crucial for contemporary cities and modern societies.

Starting from a previous experience carried out by the working group "Building and Environmental Hygiene" of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (SItI), the aim of the present work is to define new strategic goals for achieving a "Healthy and Salutogenic City", which will be useful to designers, local governments and public bodies, policy makers, and all professionals working at local health agencies. Ten key points have been formulated: 1. climate change and management of adverse weather events; 2. land consumption, sprawl, and shrinking cities; 3. tactical urbanism and urban resilience; 4. urban comfort, safety, and security perception; 5. strengths and weaknesses of urban green areas and infrastructures; 6. urban solid waste management; 7. housing emergencies in relation to socio-economic and environmental changes; 8. energy aspects and environmental planning at an urban scale; 9. socio-assistance and welfare network at an urban scale: importance of a rational and widespread system; and 10. new forms of living, conscious of coparticipation models and aware of sharing quality objectives. Design strategies, actions, and policies, identified to improve public health and wellbeing, underline that the connection between morphological and functional features of urban context and public health is crucial for contemporary cities and modern societies.

Starting from a previous experience carried out by the working group "Building and Environmental Hygiene" of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine (SItI), the aim of the present work is to define new strategic goals for achieving a "Healthy and Salutogenic City", which will be useful to designers, local governments and public bodies, policy makers, and all professionals working at local health agencies. Ten key points have been formulated: 1. climate change and management of adverse weather events; 2. land consumption, sprawl, and shrinking cities; 3. tactical urbanism and urban resilience; 4. urban comfort, safety, and security perception; 5. strengths and weaknesses of urban green areas and infrastructures; 6. urban solid waste management; 7. housing emergencies in relation to socio-economic and environmental changes; 8. energy aspects and environmental planning at an urban scale; 9. socio-assistance and welfare network at an urban scale: importance of a rational and widespread system; and 10. new forms of living, conscious of coparticipation models and aware of sharing quality objectives. Design strategies, actions, and policies, identified to improve public health and wellbeing, underline that the connection between morphological and functional features of urban context and public health is crucial for contemporary cities and modern societies.